my translation of ‘The Intricate Knot of Indestructible Vajra Prayer’

The Intricate Knot of Indestructible Vajra Prayer

by Terdag Lingpa, Minling Terchen Rigdzin Gyurme Dorje

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Hosts of Gurus, Yidams, and Deities — think of me!

From this moment onwards, all virtue accomplished through diligence,

And all virtue that has been accumulated throughout the three times — all virtue that exists –

Bringing it all together, I dedicate all this towards unsurpassable, unexcelled, complete and perfect awakening.

From this moment until I reach the heart of enlightenment,

With noble lineage, a clear intellect, free from pride,

With immense compassion, and endowed with devotion towards the Guru,

May I authentically abide within the resplendent Vajra Vehicle!

Ripened through empowerments, and endowed with the precepts of samaya commitment,

Perfecting the two stages of the path, those of Approach and Accomplishment,

Without difficulty, may I reach the level of a rigdzin holder of intrinsic awareness!

May I accomplish the two kinds of spiritual attainments with ease!

Whatever appearances there are, these are perfected within the ongoing spherical web of magical illusion.

All sounds are the sound of mantra, beyond ordinary speech and expression.

The fleeting moment-to-moment arisings within the mind do not aggregate within self-cognizing awareness.

May I actualize supreme bliss, free from union and separation!

May transgressions, ordinary concepts, and obscurations be purified in their own place, without having to abandon them!

May the outer, inner, and secret realizations of inseparability be consummated!

All is self-liberated within the panoramic spaciousness of Kuntuzangpo’s expanse.

May the depths of the lower realms be churned, and may samsaric conditioned existence and the nirvanic state of ultimate peace be pacified and equanimized!

May the kayas and purelands be manifestly completed within the supreme heart-drop sphere!

Not separating from the supreme samaya commitments, and the outer signs of acceptance and rejection,

May the knot of hope and fear be freed within vast and infinite pervasiveness!

May the Dharmakaya of the Great Perfection, Dzogpachenpo, be actualized!

May the blessings of the Three Lineages enter my heart!

May the secret path of the web of magical illusion be perfected within my mind!

Through awakened activity, pacification, and spontaneous accomplishment,

May the limitless beings be liberated!

Through the peaceful and wrathful emanations’ cycle of transmission and revelation;

Through the dakinis who protect us like children;

And through the dispelling of obstacles by the Dharma protectors and guardians,

May the countless aspirations I hold in my mind be accomplished!

May the teachings of the Victorious Ones spread and flourish,

And may the brilliant aims of the holders of the Teachings be accomplished!

Pacifying, without exception, all manner of adverse circumstances that may arise,

May limitless abundance and excellence be accomplished without effort!

This was the noble speech of Rigdzin Gyurme Dorje, and it is endowed with blessings.

Translated by Erick Sherab Zangpo.

my translation of ‘For the Benefit of Beings Pervading Space: A Meditation-Recitation on the Vastly Compassionate One’

For the Benefit of Beings Pervading Space: A Meditation-Recitation on the Vastly Compassionate One

by Thangthong Gyalpo

http://www.khyenkong-tharjay.org/images/9_Thangtong_Gyalpo.JPG

Being with going for Refuge:

I and all beings equal to the limits of the sky itself, all sentient beings, at this time, from this moment forward, until the heart of awakening is reached:

Go for refuge in the sacred and resplendent Gurus.

We go for refuge in the hosts of Yidams and Mandala Deities.

We go for refuge in the Buddhas, the Transcendent and Accomplished Conquerors.

We go for refuge in the sacred Dharma.

We go for refuge in all of the noble Sangha.

We go for refuge in the Dakas, Dakinis, Dharma Guardians, and Protectors who Possess the Eye of Primordial Wisdom.

Having gone for Refuge, engage in the meditation on Chenrezig.

In the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Supreme Assemblies of Sangha,

I go for Refuge until complete awakening.

Through the merit of my practice of generosity and the other far-reaching perfections,

May I accomplish buddhahood in order to benefit beings.

Generating the Deity:

On the crown of my head and those of all other sentient beings pervading space

there rests a white lotus and moon seat.

From the HRIH on the lotus and moon seat appears the Supremely Noble Chenrezig:

white, clear and luminous, and radiating five-colored light rays.

Smiling charmingly, he gazes with eyes of great compassion.

He has four arms: the first pair are joined together,

the second, lower pair hold a crystal rosary and a white lotus.

He is adorned with ornaments of silk and precious jewels.

He wears the skin of a wild deer, which covers his upper part.

Amitabha adorns his head.

His two noble legs and feet rest in the vajra-asana posture.

His back is supported by a stainless moon.

He is the essence in which all sources of Refuge converge.

Thinking that oneself and all sentient beings are supplicating in a single voice, recite as follows:

Noble Master, Protector whose exalted body is not clothed by fault,

Whose head is adorned with a perfect buddha

Who gazes on beings with eyes of great compassion

I prostrate and pay homage to Chenrezig!

Accumulate as many repetitions of this homage as you are able.

The Seven-Branch Prayer:

To the Noble Chenrezig, the Powerful One;

to all the Victorious Ones and their bodhisattva heirs

abiding throughout the ten directions and three times:

To all of you, I prostrate with faith.

Flowers, incense, butter lamps, scents,

Food, music, and many other offerings:

I entreat the hosts of Noble Ones to accept them.

I confess all negativity accumulated from beginninglessness until the present moment:

the ten non-virtuous actions, the five grave misdeeds of limitless consequence,

and all actions committed under the power of the disturbing emotions in my mind –

I confess all of my destructive actions.

I rejoice in all of the virtue accumulated throughout the three times

by shravakas, pratyekabuddhas, bodhisattvas,

each and every ordinary being, and all beings:

In all of their merit, I rejoice!

In accordance with the wishes,

intellects and individualities of sentient beings,

Please turn the Dharma Wheel

of the Great, Lesser, and common vehicles.

For as long as samsara is not emptied,

out of your great compassion, do not pass into nirvana,

but rather please look after sentient beings

drowning in the ocean of suffering.

May whatever merit I have accumulated

become the cause for the complete awakening of all;

For the the endless succession of beings

May I become a splendid leader!

If you are inclined, do the Supplication to Chenrezig, which was Bhikshu Padma Karpo’s daily practice commitment.

I supplicate you, Guru Chenrezig.

I supplicate you, Yidam Chenrezig.

I supplicate you, Supremely Noble Chenrezig.

I supplicate you, Lord Protector Chenrezig.

I supplicate you, Lord of Love Chenrezig.

Hold us with your great compassion, Victorious One of Vast Compassion.

In limitless samsara, uncountable ones are wandering:

Without respite, these beings are experiencing suffering.

Protector, other than you they have no other refuge.

Please bestow your blessings that we may attain omniscient buddhahood!

By the force of accumulating negative karma since beginningless time,

Sentient beings are born as hell beings through the power of anger,

And thus experience the suffering of intense heat and cold.

May they all be born in your presence, Supreme Deity.

OM MANI PADME HUNG

By the force of accumulating negative karma since beginningless time,

Sentient beings are born as in the realm of the hungry ghosts through the power of greed,

And thus experience the suffering of intense hunger and thirst.

May they all be born in your supreme pure realm, the Potala.

OM MANI PADME HUNG

By the force of accumulating negative karma since beginningless time,

Sentient beings are born as animals through the power of confusion,

And thus experience the suffering of foolishness and mental dullness.

May they all be born in your presence, Protector.

OM MANI PADME HUNG

By the force of accumulating negative karma since beginningless time,

Sentient beings are born in the realm of the humans through the power of attachment,

And thus experience the suffering of separation and discontentment.

May they all be born in your supreme pureland of Sukhavati.

OM MANI PADME HUNG

By the force of accumulating negative karma since beginningless time,

Sentient beings are born in the realm of the demi-gods through the power of jealousy,

And thus experience the suffering of fighting and arguing.

May the all be born in your pureland, the Potala.

OM MANI PADME HUNG

By the force of accumulating negative karma since beginningless time,

Sentient beings are born in the realm of the gods through the power of pride,

And thus experience the suffering of changing and falling.

May the all be born in the Potala, your pureland.

OM MANI PADME HUNG

Wherever I am born, in all my lifetimes

Through my deeds being like unto Chenrezig’s

May I completely free the beings of impure realms,

and spread the supreme and noble sound of the Six Syllables in the ten directions.

Supremely Noble One, through the power of praying to you,

May the beings who I am to tame

pay the closest attention to cause and effect, and diligently practice virtuous actions,

and for the sake of all beings, may they become fully suffused with the Dharma!

These words were spoken by the Mahasiddha Thangthong Gyalpo, on the occasion that he recollected his earlier lifetime as Bhikshu Padma Karpo. From his twentieth to his eightieth year, he observed the fasting ritual called Ngunnay, and recited this supplication to the Noble Chenrezig one-pointedly.

It is endowed with supreme blessings. So it is!

And then:

Thus, through this one-pointed prayer,

from the noble and exalted form of the deity radiate rays of light

which purifies impure karma, impure appearances, and the confused mind.

The external world is the pureland of Sukhavati

and the body, speech, and mind of the living beings therein

are the awakened form, speech and mind of the mighty Chenrezig.

Appearance, sound, and awareness are inseparable from emptiness.

OM MANI PADME HUNG

Accomplish as many recitations of this mantra as you are able.

Finally, let the mind rest equanimously in its own essential nature, without giving rise to conceptual reference towards the three spheres of agent, object, and interaction.

My body, the bodies of others, and all appearances are the noble and exalted form of Chenrezig;

All sounds and noises are the melody of the Six Syllables;

All thoughts and concepts are the expanse of vast pristine wakefulness.

By this virtue, may I quickly

attain the state of mighty Chenrezig

and place every single being, without exception

on that very same level.

This text, known as a ‘A Meditation-Recitation on the Vastly Compassionate One: For the Benefit of Beings Pervading Space’, is imbued with the speech-blessing of Mahasiddha Thangthong Gyalpo.

Thus, through the merit of meditating, reciting, and my other practices,

May I and every being with whom I am connected,

As soon as we are born, may we fully traverse the ten grounds, and from that,

May we send forth emanations in the ten directions for the benefit of others.

By this virtue, may all beings

Complete the collections of merit and pristine wisdom,

And may they obtain the two sacred kayas

Which arise from merit and pristine wisdom.

Bodhichitta is precious:

Where it has not arisen, may it be born!

Where it has already arisen, may it not decline,

but increase forever more!

Translated by Erick Sherab Zangpo.

my translation of The Final Words of Terdag Lingpa, Minling Terchen Gyurme Dorje

The Final Words of Terdag Lingpa, Minling Terchen Gyurme Dorje

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Appearance, sound, and awareness: these three are deity, mantra, and the domain of Dharmakaya,

Arising infinitely as the play of the kayas and pristine wakefulness.

In the profound and secret practice of Mahayoga,

May they be of one taste within the indivisible sphere of awakened mind.

This was written by Mingyur Dorje.

Translated by Erick Sherab Zangpo.

my translation of Shower of Blessings: A Guru Yoga Based on the Seven-Line Prayer

Shower of Blessings: A Guru Yoga Based on the Seven-Line Prayer

by Ju Mipham Rinpoche

Mipham Rinpoche

HUNG% OR GYEN YUL GYI NUB JANG TS’HAM%

HUNG % On the northwest border of the country of Orgyen, %

PAY MA GE SAR DONG PO LA %

In the pollen heart of a lotus, %

YA TS’HEN CHHOG GI NGO DRUB NYEY %

You attained marvelous, most excellent siddhi. %

PAY MA JUNG NAY ZHEY SU DRAG %

Reknowned as the Lotus Born, %

KHOR DU KHAN DRO MANG PO KHOR %

You are surrounded by a vast retinue of Dakinis. %

KHYED KYI JEY SU DAG DRUB KYI %

As I practice, following in your footsteps, %

JIN GYIY LOB CHHIR SHEG SU SOL %

I pray that you approach to confer your blessings! %

GURU PADMA SIDDHI HUNG %

GURU PADMA SIDDHI HUNG %

Refuge and Bodhichitta:

KYAB NAY KUN DU MA HA GURU LA

In the Mahaguru, the union of all sources of Refuge,

DI ZUNG JANG CHHUB BAR DU KYAB SU CHHI

I go for refuge from this moment until complete awakening.

KHA KHYAB DRO KUN SANG GYAY SAR GOD CHIR

So that I may place all beings pervading space on the level of buddhahood,

ZAB LAM LA MAY NAL JOR LA TSON JA

I shall exert myself on the profound path of Guru Yoga.

AH: RANG LU T’HA MAL NAY PAY DUN KHA RU

AH: I am in my ordinary form. In the space before me

OR GYEN DRI MEY DHA NA KO SHAY TS’HO

is the stainless Dhanakosha Lake of Orgyen,

TING ZAB YEN LAK GYAY DEN CHHU GANG WAY

its profound depths filled with water endowed with eight qualities.

U SU RIN CHHEN PAY DONG TAB GYAY TENG

In its center is the stem of a jewelline lotus, it’s petals spread and unfolded on the lake’s surface.

KYAB NAY KUN DU OR GYEN DOR JE CHHANG

Atop this is Orgyen Dorje Chhang, Oddiyana Vajradhara, in whom all sources of Refuge converge.

TS’HEN PAY PAL BAR TS’HO GYAL YUM DANG T’HRIL

Radiating with the splendor of the major and minor marks of perfection, he is embracing Tsogyal, the mother consort.

CHAG YAY DOR JE YON PAY T’HOD BUM NAM

In his right hand he holds a vajra, a vase within a skullcup in his left.

DAR DANG RIN CHHEN RU GYEN GYIY DZEY

They are lustrous and charming in their ornaments of silks, jewels, and bone.

OD NGAY LONG NAY DE CHHEN ZI JIN BAR

Within a vast expanse of five-colored light, they blaze in the majesty and blessing of supreme bliss.

KHOR DU TSA SUM GYA TS’HO TRIN TAR TIB

Surrounding them are an ocean of the Three Roots, who gather like clouds as their retinue.

JIN LAB T’HUG JEY CHHAR BEB DAG LA ZIG

They gaze upon me, raining down a shower of blessings and great compassion.

GYAL KUN NGO WO CHHI MEY YE SHE KUR

To the exalted form of deathless pristine wakefulness, the true face of all Victorious Ones,

DUNG SHUG DRAG PO DAY CHAG TAG TU TS’HAL

I constantly offer homage and prostrations of faith, with powerfully intense yearning.

LU DANG LONG CHOD DU SEM GE WAY TS’HOG

My bodies, wealth, enjoyments, and virtue accumulated throughout the three times –

KUN ZANG CHHOD PAY TRIN DU MIG NAY BUL

Out of my imagination, I offer all these in the manner of Samantabhadra: vast clouds of offerings.

T’HOG MEY NAM SAG DIG TUNG MA LU SHAG

I confess, without exception, all destructive actions and ethical downfalls accumulated since beginningless time.

SRAY CHAY GYAL WA KUN GYI YON TEN GYI

Of the positive qualities of all the Victorious Ones and their heirs,

KHYAB DAG CHIG BU GON BUI NAM T’HAR LA

You are the sole and all-encompassing lord. Protector, in your life example

NYING NAY YI RANG DAY PAY SOL DEB SHING

I rejoice from my heart. To you I pray with faith,

ZAB GYAY CHHO KYI CHHAR CHHEN BEB PAR KUL

Beseeching you to shower down a great rain of vast and profound Dharma.

RANG ZHEN GE WAY NGO PO KUN DOM NAY

Through amassing all virtuous qualities of my own and others,

DRO KHAM GYA TS’HO JI SRID NAY KYI BAR

For as long as the oceanic realms of beings continues, until then,

GON PO KHYED KYI NAM THAR JEY NYEG TE

Protector, I will swiftly follow in the wake of your example.

KHA KHYAB DRO DREN PAY DON DU NGO

I dedicate all this for the guidance of beings pervading space.

KYAB NAY KUN DU KHYEN TS’HEY TER CHHEN PO

Great treasure of transcendent knowledge and love, in whom all sources of Refuge unite,

DU NGEN NYIG MAY KYAB CHHOG RIN PO CHHE

Precious One, you are the supreme refuge in these negative and defiled times.

NGA DOI GYUD PAY NAR SHING DUNG SHUG KYIY

I am tormented by the spread of the five degenerations. With intense longing,

SOL DEB BU LA TS’HE BU T’HUG KYIY GONG

I supplicate you: think lovingly of your child out of your innate compassion.

GONG PAY LONG NAY T’HUG JEY TSAL T’HRUNG LA

From the expanse of your enlightened intent, summon forth great compassion, and

MO DEN DAG GI NYING LA JIN GYIY LOB

Bestow your blessings into my devoted heart.

TAG DANG TS’HEN MA NYUR DU TON PA DANG

Swiftly reveal to me signs and indications,

CHHOG DANG T’HUN MONG NGO DRUB TSAL DU SOL

And grant me supreme and ordinary spiritual attainments!

HUNG% OR GYEN YUL GYI NUB JANG TS’HAM %

HUNG % On the northwest border of the country of Orgyen, %

PAY MA GE SAR DONG PO LA %

In the pollen heart of a lotus, %

YA TS’HEN CHHOG GI NGO DRUB NYEY %

You attained marvelous, most excellent siddhi. %

PAY MA JUNG NAY JE SU DRAG %

Reknowned as the Lotus Born, %

KHOR DU KHAN DRO MANG PO KHOR %

You are surrounded by a vast retinue of Dakinis. %

KHYED KYI JEY SU DAG DRUB KYI %

As I practice, following in your footsteps, %

JIN GYIY LAB CHHIR SHEG SU SOL %

I pray that you approach to confer your blessings! %

GURU PADMA SIDDHI HUNG %

GURU PADMA SIDDHI HUNG %

Thus, with these words, recite the Seven-Line Prayer as much as you are able.

Due to the devotion of your prayer, five-colored rays of the light of pristine wakefulness extend like filaments from the point of union and the heart-centers of the father and mother gurus.

As these filaments are absorbed into your own heart-center, reflect that the thread of your mindstream is being infused with blessings.

OM AH HUNG VAJRA GURU PADMA SIDDHI HUNG %

Repeat the Vajra Guru mantra as much as is appropriate.

If you feel inclined to offer a tsok, do so here as set out clearly in the following text.

[Note: If you are not offering a tsok, proceed to the final part of the practice, which is marked with *** and begins with "At the Close of the Practice Session".]

***

The Noble Vase of Glory: A Tsok Offering Connected with the Vajra Seven-Line Prayer

Arrange whatever samaya substances, such as meat, alcohol, and so on, that you have available.

HUNG AH LAY CHHO YING DANG NYAM KA PA LAR

HUNG: From AH, a skullcup equal to the basic space of phenomena;

OM LAY NANG SRID DOD YON TS’HOG SU SHOM

From OM, the sense pleasures of the world of phenomenal experience arranged within as the tsok;

HUNG GIY DE CHHEN YE SHE ROL PAR GYUR

Through HUNG, these become the play of supremely blissful pristine wakefulness;

HRIH YIY TSA SUM LHA TS’HOG GYEY PA KANG

Through HRIH, the hosts of deities of the Three Roots are delighted and fulfilled.

OM AH HUNG HRIH:

This consecrates the tsok offerings.

Invitation of the Guests and Offering of the Tsok Substances:

HUNG OR GYEN YUL GYI NUB JANG TS’HAM %

HUNG On the northwest border of the country of Orgyen, %

PAY MA GE SAR DONG PO LA %

In the pollen heart of a lotus, %

YA TS’HEN CHHOG GI NGO DRUB NYEY %

You attained marvelous, most excellent siddhi. %

PAY MA JUNG NAY ZHEY SU DRAG %

Reknowned as the Lotus Born, %

KHOR DU KHAN DRO MANG PO KHOR %

You are surrounded by a vast retinue of Dakinis. %

DOD YON TS’HOG LA TREN DREN NA %

As I invite you to this feast of sense pleasures, %

JIN GYIY LAB CHHIR SHEG SU SOL %

I pray that you approach to confer your blessings! %

GURU PAYMA SIDDHI HUNG %

GURU PAYMA SIDDHI HUNG %

NAY TS’HOG DI RU JIN P’HOB LA %

Rain down your blessings on this unexcelled place! %

TS’HOG CHHOD YE SHE DUD TSIR GYUR %

Transform these tsok offerings into the deathless nectar of pristine wakefulness! %

DRUB CHHOG DAG LA WANG ZHI KUR %

Confer the Four Empowerments upon me, one who aspires to supreme accomplishment! %

GEG DANG LOG DREN BAR CHHAY SOL %

Dispel hindrances, those who lead us astray, and obstacles! %

CHHOG DANG T’HUNG MONG NGO DRUB TSOL %

And grant supreme and ordinary spiritual attainments! %

HUNG LA MA JE TSUN PAY MA T’HOD T’HRENG TSAL

HUNG: Holy Guru, Padma Thod Threng Tsal,

RIG DZIN KHA DROI TS’HOG DANG CHAY PA YI

Together with your retinue of Holders of Intrinsic Awareness and Dakinis –

TSA SUM KUN DU GYAL WAY KYIL KHOR LA

To this mandala of Victorious Ones, in which all aspects of the Three Roots unite:

MO GU DUNG SHUG DRAG PO SOL WA DEB

I pray with devotion, and intense and powerful yearning.

DAG ZHEN GO SUM GE TS’HOG LONG CHOD CHA

All virtue accumulated by myself and others through body, speech and mind, together with all wealth and enjoyments,

NANG SRID DOD YONG GU MA TS’HANG MEY

The whole world of phenomenal experience, and all manner of delightful sense pleasures, with nothing left incomplete –

KUN ZANG DE CHHEN TS’HOG KYI KHOR LOR BUL

I offer all this as Samantabhadra’s ganachakra of supreme bliss.

T’HUG TSEY GYEY ZHEY T’HUG DAM KONG GYUR CHIG

Accept this out of your affectionate love, and be delighted! May it fulfill our sacred bond!

SOL WA DEB SO GU RU RIN PO CHHE

I supplicate you, Guru Rinpoche.

JIN GYIY LAB SHIG RIG DZING KHA DROI TS’HOG

Bestow your blessings, you hosts of Dakinis and Holders of Intrinsic Awareness.

MO DEN BU LA TS’HOG T’HUN NGO DRUB TSOL

Grant supreme and ordinary spiritual attainments to your devoted child.

DAM TS’HIG NYAM CHHAG T’HAM CHAY YANG DU DROL

Please purify all impairments of samaya commitment.

CHHI NANG SANG WAY BAR CHHAY YING SU DROL

Liberate outer, inner, and secret obstacles into basic space.

JANG CHHUB BAR DU DREL JEY DZIN ZHING

Hold me inseparable from you until my complete awakening.

TS’HE SO NYAM T’HOG YAR NGOI DA TAR P’HEL

Increase my longevity, merit, and meditative experiences and realization like the waxing moon,

SAM PA LHUN GYIY DRUB PAR JIN GYIY LOB

And grant your blessings that my wishes be spontaneously accomplished!

OM AH HUNG VAJRA GURU PADMA SIDDHI HUNG %

OM AH HUNG VAJRA GURU PADMA SIDDHI HUNG %

***

At the close of the practice session:

LA MAY NAY SUM YI GE DRU SUM LAY

From the Guru’s three places are the three seed syllables, and from these

OD ZER KAR MAR T’HING SUM JUNG NAY SU

Emerge three rays of white, red, and dark blue light.

RANG GI NAY SUM TH’IM PAY GO SUM GI

As these are absorbed into my own three places, my three doors

DRIB JANG KU SUNG T’HUG KYI DOR JER GYUR

Are purified of obscurations, and transform into vajra body, vajra speech, and vajra mind.

T’HAR NI LA MA KHOR CHAY OD DU ZHU

Finally, the Guru together with his retinue

KAR MAR T’HIG LE HUNG GIY TS’HEN PA RU

Melts into a white sphere tinged with red and marked with HUNG.

RANG GI NYING GAR T’HIM PAY LA MAY T’HUG

As this is absorbed into my own heart-center, the Guru’s awakened mind

RANG SEM YER MEY LHEN KYEY CHHO KUR NAY

And my mind become inseparable. I rest in co-emergent Dharmakaya.

AH AH:

With these words, confront your own mind’s very nature, which is, from the beginning, beyond all artifice and contrivance, all acceptance and rejection. Primordially, it is supreme Dharmakaya — your own true face.

Then, once again, viewing all illusory appearances as being of the nature of the Guru, dedicate the virtue and formulate auspicious wishes.

On the eighth day of the waxing moon, in the month of Drozhin, in the year known as “Subduing Everything” [that is, the seventh month of the Fire Female Pig Year, 1887], this arose from the mind-lake of one who prays that he may serve the Lotus Guru in all lifetimes, Mipham Nampar Gyalwa. May there be virtue! Sarva Mangalam — May everything be auspicious!

Dedication:

DIY TS’HON DU SUM SAG PAY PAY GE TS’HOG KUN

All accumulations of virtue gathered throughout the three times:

MA LU DRO NAM SANG GYAY T’HOB CHHIR NGO

I dedicate these so that all beings without exception may attain buddhahood!

KEY KUN OR GYEN CHHEN PO JEY ZUNG NAY

In all lifetimes, through following the Great Orgyen,

RIM NYIY NGON GYUR DON NYIY T’HAR SHOG

May I actualize the two stages and bring the two benefits to culmination!

Auspicious Verses:

CHHOG SUM TSA SUM JIN LAB GE LEG PAL

The blessings, virtue, auspiciousness, and glory of the Three Jewels and the Three Roots:

CHHOG DU DRO KHAM KHYAB PAY TRA SHIY SHOG

May there be good fortune throughout the realms of beings, in all directions and times!

Dedication and Auspicious Verses composed by Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche.

Condensed Tsok Offering:

Set out the tsok offerings.

OM AH HUNG HO

This consecrates the tsok offerings.

TSA SUM LHA TS’HOG LA TREN DREN SHEG

Hosts of deities of the Three Roots, come! We invite you to this tsok gathering.

CHHI NANG SANG WAY DE CHHEN TS’HOG CHHOD BUL

We present these tsok offerings as outer, inner, and secret supreme bliss.

DAM TS’HIG NYAM CHHAG T’HAM CHAY THOL LO SHAG

We confess all impairments of samaya commitments.

NYIY DZIN DRA GEG CHHO KYI YING SU DROL

Liberate the enemies and hindrances caused by dualistic fixation into the basic space of phenomena.

NYAM NYID DE CHHEN PAY T’HUG DAM KANG

Fulfill the sacred bond of supremely blissful equanimity.

CHHOG DANG T’HUN MONG NGO DRUB TSAL SU SOL

I pray: grant supreme and ordinary spiritual attainments!

This abridged tsok offering, which is useful for accumulating numbers of repetitions [of tsok offering prayers], was composed by Jampal Dorje.

Translated by Erick Sherab Zangpo.

NOTES:

The last line of the Vajra Seven-Line Prayer, GURU PADMA SIDDHI HUNG, is generally pronounced GURU PAYMA SIDDHI HUNG by Tibetans.

Likewise, the Vajra Guru Mantra, OM AH HUNG VAJRA GURU PADMA SIDDHI HUNG, is generally pronounced OM AH HUNG BENDZRA GURU PAYMA SIDDHI HUNG by Tibetans.

One is faced with the difficulty of presenting the Sanskrit as close as possible to how it should actually be pronounced, and how Sanskrit is generally pronounced by Tibetans, which is often quite different.

For example, even the syllable HUNG is a tricky one. In transliteration of actual Sanskrit, it is spelt HUM (with a dot over it). It is almost always pronounced by Tibetan as HUNG. I have chosen to leave it as HUNG rather than the slightly more correct HUM, as according to the rules of Sanskrit, it is a nasalized “m” somewhere between our “m” and “ng”. Thus I am trying to render things as close as possible to actual Sanskrit, while at the same time presenting them the Tibetan way when allowable according to the pronunciation of Sanskrit.

I was faced with confusion when I first came to Tibetan Buddhism and noticed that the lamas pronounced things one way and the English translations of the texts pronounced things another way. It’s not easy to recite a mantra many thousands of times when you are not quite sure about the best way to say it — for me anyway. Right now I’m taking the approach of trying to remain close to the Sanskrit, while providing notes as to the popular Tibetan pronunciation. I hope that this provides a good bridge leading to some kind of harmonious middle-way between Sanskrit and Tibeto-Sanskrit.

Of course, everyone is free to pronounce things however they want, whether that be the Sanskrit way or the Tibetan way — or something in between.

more haiku composed in japanese

some more haiku poems I wrote when in Japan in 2005. In Japanese with English translations.

goko o kaite
sensei to itta
“itsutsu no ka?”

write five poems
the teacher said
“five?”

***

kokoro ni wa
taiyou nitte’ru
sonna koto

in my heartmind
it looks like the sun
– that kind of thing

***

onnanoko
niyaniya warau
nande kana

girl
with the broad grin, laughing
i wonder why

***

rafu tatami
shizuka kabe wa ne
shiroi heya

rough tatami mat!
as for the quiet wall
– white room

***

mado o mite
aozora ja nai
tsuyu, ame wa…

look through the window!
that’s not the blue sky:
rainy season, and the rain…?

(this poem was also translated into Spanish by Baxter, who produced two versions:

Mira afuera!
no es el cielo azul;
¿est Elluviendo?

Look outside!
It’s not the blue sky;
is it raining?

Mira por la ventana
Eso no es el cielo azul
estación de lluvias, y la lluvia

Look through the window
that is not the blue sky
rainy season, and the rain)

Published in: on March 23, 2008 at 1:08 pm Comments (0)

my translation of the Heart Sutra

The Heart-Essence of the Far-Reaching Perfection of Sublime Gnosis, the Transcendent Conqueror Goddess

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In the language of India [Sanskrit]: Bhagavati Prajnaparamita Hridaya

In the language of Tibet: Chom-den-day-ma Shey-rab kyi P’ha-rol-tu-chin-pay Nying-po

In English: The Heart-Essence of the Far-Reaching Perfection of Sublime Gnosis, the Transcendent Conqueror Goddess

Thus have I heard: at one time, the Transcendent Conqueror, the Bhagavan, was dwelling at Vulture’s Peak in Rajagriha, together with a great sangha of fully-ordained monks and a great sangha of bodhisattvas, who were all abiding together as one skillful expedient device.

At that time, the Transcendent Conqueror was resting equanimously in the state of meditative absorption which illuminates the infinite variety of phenomena known as “Profound Presence”.

Moreover, also at that time, the bodhisattva mahasattva Noble Avalokiteshvara, the powerful lord, was completely immersed in investigating the way that the profound practice of Sublime Gnosis is brought to far-reaching perfection, and directly perceived that the five mind-body aggregates are empty of self-nature.

Thereupon, through the extraordinary power of the Buddha, the Venerable Shariputra addressed the bodhisattva mahasattva Noble Avalokiteshvara, the powerful lord, and asked him thus:

“In what way, in what manner, would any child of noble spiritual heritage who wishes to engage in the practice of the profound far-reaching perfection of Sublime Gnosis train?”

After he had addressed him in this way and inquired thus, the bodhisattva mahasattva Noble Avalokiteshvara, the powerful lord, spoke thus to the Venerable Shariputra:

“Shariputra! Any son or daughter of noble spiritual heritage, who wishes to engage in the profound far-reaching perfection of Sublime Gnosis would train in this way, would train in this manner: through completely seeing, genuinely and authentically seeing, that even the five mind-body aggregates are completely empty.

Form is empty. Emptiness is form. Form is not other than emptiness; emptiness too is not other than form. In the same way, sensations, perceptions, mental patterns, and consciousness are empty.

Shariputra! Thus, in this way, all phenomena are emptiness. They are without defining characteristics. They are unborn. They are unconfined. They are undistorted. They are free from defects. They do not diminish. They do not increase.

Shariputra! This being so, there is no form. There are no sensations. There are no perceptions. There are no mental patterns. There is no consciousness.

There is no eye. There is no ear. There is no nose. There is no tongue. There is no body. There is no mind.

There are no forms. There are no sounds. There are no smells. There are no tastes. There are no tactile objects. There are no objects of mind-consciousness.

There is no sphere of the visual faculty, up to no sphere of the mental faculty, and all the way up to and including no sphere of mental-consciousness.

There is no ignorance. There is no extinction of ignorance, up to no old age and death, and all the way up to and including no extinction of old age and death.

In the same way, there is no suffering, no origination of suffering, no final annihilation of suffering, and no path. There is no primordial wisdom. There is no attainment. There is also no lack of attainment.

Shariputra! This being so, because bodhisattvas have no attainment, they rely on and abide within the far-reaching perfection of Sublime Gnosis. Since their minds are unobscured, they are without fear. They have entirely transcended all misconceptions, and in the end they reach the final goal of consummate Nirvana.

All the buddhas who abide throughout the three times become complete buddhas and awaken to the unsurpassable, perfect and complete actualization of enlightenment through relying on the far-reaching perfection of Sublime Gnosis.

Therefore, since the mantra of the far-reaching perfection of Sublime Gnosis — the mantra of amazing awareness, the unsurpassable mantra, the mantra which is unequaled even amongst the unequaled, the mantra which thoroughly pacifies all suffering — is not false, it shall be known as being true.

Recite the mantra of the far-reaching perfection of Sublime Gnosis:

TADYATHA GATE GATE PARAGATE PARASAMGATE BODHI SVAHA

Shariputra! This is how a bodhisattva mahasattva would train in the profound far-reaching perfection of Sublime Gnosis.“

At that, the Transcendent Conqueror arose from his state of meditative absorption, and bestowed a confirmation of excellence upon the bodhisattva mahasattva Noble Avalokiteshvara, the powerful lord, saying thus:

“Well done! Well done! O child of noble spiritual heritage, in just that way, in just the manner you have described, a child of noble spiritual heritage who wishes to engage in the practice of the profound far-reaching perfection of Sublime Gnosis would practice in just the way you have taught — and even the Thus Gone Ones, the Tathagatas, will rejoice.”

After the Transcendent Conqueror had proclaimed these words, the Venerable Shariputra, the bodhisattva mahasattva Noble Avalokiteshvara, the powerful lord, and everyone in that retinue: the gods, the humans, the demi-gods, the gandharvas, together with everyone in the entire world, rejoiced; they all greatly praised the noble speech of the Bhagavan, the Transcendent and Accomplished Conqueror.

THE HEART-ESSENCE OF THE FAR-REACHING PERFECTION OF SUBLIME GNOSIS IS COMPLETE.

If you want to practice this sutra, visualize that in the space in front of you is the Thus Gone One, the Tathagata. He is displaying the mudra of “Subduing Mara”, and is surrounded by Avalokiteshvara and Shariputra, who are exchanging questions and answers, etc., and a retinue of the Mahayana and Hinayana sanghas.

While contemplating the meaning of emptiness in your mind, recite the profound sutra up to seven times, or as many times as you like, and recite the gnostic mantra as many times as is appropriate.

Finally, to turn back the maras:

I pay homage to the Buddha!

I pay homage to the Dharma!

I pay homage to the Sangha!

I pay homage to the Great Mother, the Far-Reaching Perfection of Sublime Gnosis!

May my words of truth by accomplished!

Just as, in the past, the powerful lord of the gods, Indra, reflected upon the profound meaning of the Far-Reaching Perfection of Sublime Gnosis in his mind, recited these words aloud, and through this turned back the maras, destructive forces, all other negativity and disharmony in all directions, in that same way, may I, through reflecting upon the profound meaning of the Far-Reaching Perfection of Sublime Gnosis and reciting these words aloud, turn back the maras, destructive forces, and all other negativity and disharmony in all directions!

May they be obliterated!

May the be pacified!

May they be entirely pacified!

And in conclusion:

Whatever arises through interdependent connection

Is unceasing and unborn,

Is uninterrupted, yet is not permanent,

Does not come, and does not go,

Is not separate, yet is not identical.

This is the complete pacification of elaborations.

This pacification is revealed by the noble speech of perfect and complete buddhas, and to this sacred truth, I pay homage!

And with this, recite dedications and auspicious aspirations.

Translated by Erick Sherab Zangpo.

sems nyid — mind’s nature

sems nyid

From RangjungYesheWiki

Mind essence. (sems ngo). The nature of mind. A synonym for ‘buddha nature.’ [RY]

1) [nature of] mind [itself]; 2) ultimate, indestructible essence Great emptiness; 3) just mind; 4) spirit [IW]

mind itself [RB]

citta eva, nature of the mind, mind, mindness, mind-as-such, absolute subject-being, cognitive absoluteness, just-mind, spirituality, mind as shunyata, inner working, memory, soul, spirit, intelligence, consciousness, mind itself, the pure fact of (awareness, of being aware), unique fact of awareness, reality, mind-essence, ultimate nature of the mind, primordial experiencing, experiencing itself, mind’s own nature, mind nature, nature of mind [JV]

chittata, mind 1) mind itself, mind essence, nature of mind, mind nature, mind as such, ultimate nature of mind, true nature of mind itself, mind-as-such. Syn ngo bo rig pa. 2) the mind [RY]

Mind-essence. The nature of one’s mind which is taught to be identical with the essence of all enlightened beings, the sugatagarbha. It should be distinguished from ‘mind’ (sems) which refers to ordinary discursive thinking based on ignorance of the nature of thought [RY]

(note: pronounced “sem nyid”)

http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/sems_nyid

Published in: on February 21, 2008 at 9:12 am Comments (0)

Tibetan Language — Wikipedia article

Tibetan
བོད་སྐད་ bod skad
Spoken in: Tibet, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan 
Region: Tibet, Kashmir, Baltistan
Total speakers: 6,150,000
Language family: Sino-Tibetan
 Tibeto-Burman
  Himalayish
   Tibeto-Kanauri
    Tibetan 
Official status
Official language in: Tibet Autonomous Region
Regulated by: Committee for the Standardisation of the Tibetan Language (བོད་ཡིག་བརྡ་ཚད་ལྡན་དུ་སྒྱུར་བའི་ལ ས་དོན་ཨུ་ཡོན་ལྷན་ཁང་གིས་བསྒྲིགས / 藏语术语标准化工作委员会)
Language codes
ISO 639-1: bo
ISO 639-2: tib (B)  bod (T)
ISO 639-3: variously:
bod — Central Tibetan
adx — Amdo Tibetan
khg — Khams Tibetan

The Tibetan language is spoken primarily by the Tibetan people who live across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering South Asia, as well as by overseas Tibetan communities all over the world. Several forms of Tibetan are also spoken by various peoples of northern Pakistan and India in areas like Baltistan and Ladakh, which are both in or around Kashmir. Its classical written form is a major regional literary language; particularly its use in Buddhist literature.

Tibetan is typically classified as a Tibeto-Burman language. Spoken Tibetan includes numerous regional varieties which, in many cases, are not mutually intelligible. Moreover, the boundaries between Tibetan and certain other Himalayan languages are sometimes unclear. In general, the dialects of central Tibet (including Lhasa), Kham, Amdo, and some smaller nearby areas are considered Tibetan dialects, while other forms, particularly Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi, are considered for political reasons by their speakers to be separate languages. Ultimately, taking into consideration this wider understanding of Tibetan dialects and forms, what we might call “greater Tibetan” is spoken by approximately 6 million people across the Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan is also spoken by approximately 150,000 exile speakers who have moved from modern-day Tibet to India and other countries.

Although Classical Tibetan apparently was not a tonal language, some dialects have developed tones. This is particularly true in the Central and Kham dialects, while the Amdo dialect and some in the west remain without tones. Tibetan morphology can generally be described as agglutinative, although Classical Tibetan was largely analytic.

Contents

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Dialects

Tibetan is comprised of several dialect groups. Within Tibet Autonomous Region, China, the dominant dialects are as follows; these are also used prevalently in overseas linguistic and ethnographic studies and broadcasting:

  • Lhasa/Ü-Tsang: based on the Lhasa standard (capital of Tibet AR), it is used as a lingua franca throughout Ü-Tsang; the Tibetan overseas dialect is also based largely on it.
  • Kham
  • Amdo

The following is a dialect chart:

  • Western Archaic Tibetan: Balti dialects (Pakistan, India), Purik dialects (India), Ladakhi dialects (India)
  • Western Innovative Tibetan: Ladakhi dialects of Upper Ladakh and Zanskar (India), North West Indian Border Area dialects: Lahul, Spiti, Uttarakhand (India), Ngari dialects: Tholing (Tibet AR, China: Ngari Area)
  • Central Tibetan: Ngari dialects (Tibet AR, China: Ngari Area), Northern Nepalese Border Area dialects (Nepal), Tsang dialects (Tibet AR, China: Shigatse Area), Ü dialects (Tibet AR, China: Lhoka Area, Lhasa municipality)
  • Northern Tibetan: Ngari dialects (Gertse), dialects of Nakchu Area (Tibet AR, China), dialects of Southern Qinghai Province, China (Nangchen)
  • Southern Tibetan: dialects of Sikkim (India), Tsang dialects (Tromowa valley), dialects of Bhutan
  • Eastern Kham Tibetan: Kham dialects of Qinghai Province, Kham dialects of Chamdo Area (Tibet AR, China), Kham dialects of Sichuan Province, China, Kham dialects of Yunnan Province, China
  • Eastern Amdo Tibetan: Amdo dialects of Qinghai Province, Amdo dialects of Gansu Province, China, Amdo dialects of Sichuan Province, and so on.

Registers

  • P’al-skad (Phal-skad): the vernacular speech.
  • Zhe-sa (She-sa) (”polite respectful speech”): the formal spoken style, particularly prominent in Lhasa.
  • Ch’os-skad (Chos-skad) (”religious language”): the literary style in which the scriptures and other classical works are written.

Grammar

Syntax and word order

  • Tibetan is an ergative language. Grammatical constituents broadly have head-final word order:
    • adjectives precede nouns in Tibetan.
    • objects and adverbs precede the verb, as do adjectives in copular clauses
    • a noun marked with the genitive case precedes the noun which it modifies
    • demonstratives and numerals follow the noun they modify.

Nouns

The classical written language has nine cases, although traditional Tibetan grammarians discussed only eight, based on those of Sanskrit.:

Case morphology is affixed to entire noun phrases, not to individual words.

Nominalizing suffixes — pa or ba and ma — are required by the noun or adjective that is to be singled out;

  • po or bo (masculine) and mo (feminine) are used for distinction of gender or for emphasis.

The plural is denoted when required by adding the morpheme (-rnams), when the collective nature of the plurality is stressed the morpheme (-dag) is instead used. These two morphemes combine readily (i.e. rnams-dag ‘a group with several members’, and dag-rnams ’several groups’). When several words are connected in a sentence they seldom require more than one case element, and that comes last.

There are personal, demonstrative, interrogative and reflexive pronouns, as well as an indefinite article, which is plainly related to the numeral for “one.”

Verbs

Verbs do not inflect for person or number. Morphologically there are up to four separate stem forms called by the Tibetan grammarians, influenced by Sanskrit grammatical terminology, present (lta-da), past (’das-pa), future (ma-’ongs-pa), and imperative (skul-tshigs), although the precise semantics of these stems is still controversial. The so-called future stem is not a true future, but conveys the sense of necessity or obligation.

The majority of Tibetan verbs fall into one of two categories, those which express implicitly or explicitly the involvement of an agent, marked in a sentence by the instrumental particle (kyis etc) and those expressing an action which does not involve an agent. Tibetan grammarians refer to these categories as tha-dad-pa and tha-mi-dad-pa respectively. Although these two categories often seem to overlap with the English grammatical concepts of transitive and intransitive, most modern writers on Tibetan grammar have adopted the terms “voluntary” and “involuntary”, based on native Tibetan descriptions. Most involuntary verbs lack an imperative stem.

Many verbs exhibit stem ablaut among the four stem forms, thus a or e in the present tends to become o in the imperative byed, byas, bya, byos ‘to do’), an e in the present changes to a in the past and future (len, blangs, blang, longs ‘to take’); in some verbs a present in i changes to u in the other stems (’dzin, bzung, gzung, zung ‘to take’). Additionally, the stems of verbs are also distinguished by the addition of various prefixes and suffixes, thus sgrub (present) bsgrubs (past), bsgrub (future) sgrubs (imperative). Though the final -s suffix, when used, is quite regular for the past and imperative, the apecific prefixes to be used with any given verb are less predictable, though there is a clear pattern of b- for a past stem and g- for a future stem, but this usage is not consistent.

Only a limited number of verbs are capable of four changes; some cannot assume more than three, some two, and many only one. This relative deficiency is made up by the addition of auxiliaries or suffixes both in the classical language and in the modern dialects.

Verbs are negated by two prepositional particles: mi and ma. Mi is used with present and future stems. The particle ma is used with the past stem, and with the imperative in Classical Tibetan, although in modern Tibetan, prohibitions do not employ the imperative stem, rather the present stem is negated with ma due to the collapse of the four part verbal system in many cases. There is also a negative stative verb med ‘there is not, there does not exist’, the counterpart to the stative verb yod ‘there is, there exists’

As with nouns, Tibetan also has a complex system of honorific and polite verbal forms, paralleling that found in Japanese. Thus, many verbs for everyday actions have a completely different form to express the superior status, whether actual or out of courtesy, of the agent of the action, thus lta ’see’, hon. gzigs; byed ‘do’, hon. mdzad. Where a specific honorific verb stem does not exist, the same effect is brought about by compounding a standard verbal stem with an appropriate general honorific stem such as mdzad.

Numerals

Unlike many other languages of East Asia, there are no numeral auxiliaries or measure words used in counting in Tibetan, although words expressive of a collective or integral are often used after the tens, and sometimes after a smaller number.

In scientific and astrological works, the numerals, as in Sanskrit, are expressed by symbolical words.

Writing system

Tibetan is written with an Indic script, although some inhabitants in the Ladakh area write it phonetically with Urdu script, based originally on the Arabic-Persian script. The Urdu or Arabic-Persian script used in parts of Ladakh is also used among Baltis in Pakistani Baltistan after the Tibetan script fell out of use hundreds of years ago upon the region’s adoption of Islam. However, the increased concern among Pakistani Baltis for the preservation of their unique local language and traditions, especially in the face of strong Panjabi cultural influence throughout Pakistan, has fostered renewed interest among some Baltis in reviving Tibetan script and using it side by side with the Arabic-Persian script. Many shops in Baltistan’s capital Skardu in Pakistan’s “Northern Areas” region have begun supplementing signs written in the Arabic-Persian script with signs written in Tibetan script. Baltis see this initiative not as separatist but rather as part of an attempt to preserve the unique cultural aspects of their region which has shared a close history with neighbors like Kashmiris and Panjabis since the arrival of Islam in the region many centuries ago.

Wylie transliteration is the most common system of romanization used by Western scholars in rendering written Tibetan using the Latin alphabet (such as employed on much of this page).

  • Among the initials, five — ག g, ད d, བ b, མ m, འ — are regarded as prefixes, and are called so for all purposes, though they belong sometimes to the stem. As a rule, none of these letters can be placed before any of the same organic class. The language is much ruled by laws of euphony, which have been strictly formulated by native grammarians.

Historical phonology

Old Tibetan phonology is rather accurately rendered by the script. The finals were pronounced devoiced although they are written as voiced, the ‘prefix’ letters assimilated their voicing to the ‘root’ letters. The graphic combinations hr and lh represent voiceless and not necessarily aspirate correspondences to r and l respectively. The letter ‘ was pronounced as a voiced guttural fricative before vowels but as homorganic prenasalization before consonants. Whether the gigu verso had phonetic meaning or not remains controversial.

For instance, Srong rtsan Sgam po would have been pronounced [sroŋrtsan zgampo] (now pronounced [soŋtsɛn gampo] in Lhasa Tibetan) and ‘babs would have been pronounced [mbaps] (pronounced [bapˤ] in Lhasa Tibetan).

Already in the 9th century the process of cluster simplification, devoicing and tonogenesis had begun in the central dialects can be shown with Tibetan words transliterated in other languages, particularly Middle Chinese but also Uyghur.

The concurrence of the evidence indicated above enables us to form the following outline of the evolution of Tibetan. In the 9th century, as shown by the bilingual Tibeto-Chinese treaty of 821–822 found in front of Lhasa’s Jokhang, the complex initial clusters had already been reduced, and the process of tonogenesis was likely well underway.

The next change took place in Tsang (Gtsang) dialects: The ra-tags were altered into retroflex consonants, and the ya-tags became palatals.

Later on the superscribed letters and finals d and s disappeared, except in the east and west. It was at this stage that the language spread in Lahul and Spiti, where the superscribed letters were silent, the d and g finals were hardly heard, and as, os, us were ai, oi, ui. The words introduced from Tibet into the border languages at that time differ greatly from those introduced at an earlier period.

The other changes are more recent and restricted to Ü and Tsang. In Ü, the vowel sounds a, o, u have now mostly umlauted to ä, ö, ü when followed by the coronal sounds i, d, s, l and n. The same holds for Tsang with the exception of l which merely lengthens the vowel. The medials have become aspirate tenues with a low intonation, which also marks the words having a simple initial consonant; while the former aspirates and the complex initials simplified in speech are uttered with a high tone, shrill and rapidly.

Phonology of modern Lhasa Tibetan

The following summarizes the sound system of the dialect of Tibetan spoken in Lhasa, which is the most influential variety of the spoken language

Vowels

  Front, unrounded Front, rounded Back, rounded
Close [i] [y] [u]
Close-mid [e] [ø] [o]
Open-mid [ɛ]
Open [a]

Phonemic vowel length exists in Lhasa Tibetan, but appears in restricted set of circumstances. Assimilation of Classical Tibetan’s suffixed vowels—normally ‘i (འི་)—at the end of a word produces a long vowel in Lhasa Tibetan; this feature is sometimes omitted in phonetic transcriptions. In normal spoken pronunciation, a lengthened vowel is also frequently substituted for the sounds [r] and [l] when they occur at the end of a syllable. [following material is under revision, see talk page]

The vowels [i], [y], [e], [ø], and [ɛ] each have nasalized forms: [ĩ], [ỹ], [ẽ], [ø̃], and [ɛ̃], respectively. Historically, this results from a syllable-final [n], such as [in], [en], etc. In some unusual cases, the vowels [a], [u], and [o] may also be nasalised.

Tones

The Lhasa dialect is usually described as having two tones: high and low. However, in monosyllabic words, each tone can occur with two distinct contours. The high tone can be pronounced with either a flat or a falling contour, while the low tone can be pronounced with either a flat or rising-falling contour, the latter being a tone that rises to a medium level before falling again. It is normally safe to distinguish only between the two tones, because there are very few minimal pairs which differ only because of contour. The difference only occurs in certain words ending in the sounds [m] or [ŋ]; for instance, the word kham (Tibetan: ཁམ་, “piece”) is pronounced [kʰám] with a high flat tone, while the word Khams (Tibetan: ཁམས་, “the Kham region”) is pronounced [kʰâm] with a high falling tone.

In polysyllabic words, tone is only important in the first syllable.

Consonants

  Labial Alveolar Alveolo-palatal Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n     ɲ ŋ  
Plosive aspirated      
unaspirated p t     c k ʔ
Affricate aspirated   tsʰ tɕʰ ʈʂʰ      
unaspirated   ts ʈʂ      
Fricative   s ɕ ʂ     h
Approximant   r     j w
Lateral voiceless            
voiced   l          

Notes:

  • The unaspirated stops /p/, /t/, /c/, and /k/ typically become voiced in the low tone, being pronounced as [b], [d], [ɟ], and [g], respectively. These sounds are regarded as allophones. By a similar process, the aspirated stops [pʰ], [tʰ], [cʰ], and [kʰ] are typically lightly aspirated in the low tone.
  • The alveolar trill ([r]) is in complementary distribution of the alveolar approximant [ɹ]]; therefore, they are treated as one phoneme.
  • The voiceless alveolar lateral approximant [l̥] resembles the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ] found in languages such as Welsh and Zulu and is sometimes transcribed as <ɬ>.
  • The consonants /m/, /ŋ/, /p/, /r/, /l/, and /k/ may appear in syllable-final positions. The Classical Tibetan final /n/ is still present, but its modern pronunciation is normally realized as a nasalisation of the preceding vowel, rather than as a discrete consonant (see above). Note that /k/ is not pronounced in the final position of a word, except in highly formal speech. Also, syllable-final /r/ and /l/ are often not clearly pronounced, but instead realized as a lengthening of the preceding vowel. The phonemic glottal stop /ʔ/ appears only at the end of words in place of an /s/, /t/, or /k/ which were pronounced in Classical Tibetan but have since been elided. For instance, the word for Tibet itself was Bod in Classical Tibet and is now pronounced [pʰø̀ʔ] in the Lhasa dialect.

Studies

Since at least around the 7th century when the Chinese came into contact with the Tibetans, phonetics and grammar of Tibetan have been studied and documented. Tibetans also studied their own language, mostly for translation purpose for diplomacy (with India and China) or religion (from Buddhism).

Western linguists who arrived at Tibet in the 18th and 19th century include:

  • Hungarian Alexander Csoma de Körös (1784–1842) published the first Tibetan-European language dictionary (Classical Tibetan and English in this case) and grammar.
  • H. A. Jäschke of the Moravian mission which was established in Ladak in 1857: modern Tibetan
  • The Capuchin friars who were settled in Lhasa for a quarter of a century from 1719
    • Francisco Orazio della Penna, well known from his accurate description of Tibet
    • Cassian di Macerata sent home materials which were utilized by the Augustine friar Aug. Antonio Georgi of Rimini (1711–1797) in his Alphabetum Tibetanum (Rome, 1762, 4t0), a ponderous and confused compilation, which may be still referred to, but with great caution.
  • At St Petersburg, Isaac Jacob Schmidt published his Grammatik der tibetischen Sprache in 1839 and his Tibetisch-deutsches Wörterbuch in 1841, but neither of these works justified the great pretensions of the author, whose access to Mongolian sources had enabled him to enrich the results of his labours with a certain amount of information unknown to his predecessors. His Tibetische Studien (1851–186 8) is a valuable collection of documents and observations.
  • In France, P. E. Foucaux published in 1847 a translation from the Rgya tcher rol-pa, the Tibetan version of the Lalita Vistara, and in 1858 a Grammaire thibitaine
  • Ant. Schiefner of St Petersburg in 1849 his series of translations and researches.
Published in: on February 18, 2008 at 9:45 pm Comments (0)

my translation of ‘The Noble Path to Awakening: A Concise Ngondro’

The Noble Path to Awakening: A Concise Ngondro

by Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo

Refuge and Bodhichitta

NA MO

Homage!

DAG SOG DRO KUN JANG CHHUB BAR

Until awakening, I together with all beings,

TSA WA SUM LA KYAB SU CHHI

Go for refuge in the Three Roots.

ZHEN DON SANG GYAY T’HOB JAY CHIR

In order to attain buddhahood for the sake of others

MON JUG DON DAM JANG SEM KYEY

I generate relative and ultimate bodhichitta.

Vajrasattva Purification

AH

AH

DAG NYID CHI WOR PAY DAY TENG

On the crown of my head, upon a lotus and moon

LA MA DOR SEM YAB YUM GYI

Is Guru Vajrasattva father and mother.

T’HUG KAY NGAG LAY DUD TSII GYUN

From the mantra at their heart center, a stream of ambrosial nectar

BAB PAY NAY DON DIG DRIB JANG

flows downward, purifying my sickness, demonic energies, negative actions, and obscurations.

Recite the Hundred-Syllable Mantra.

DOR SEM OD ZHU RANG LA T’HIM

Vajrasattva melts into light, and dissolves into me.

Mandala Offering

OM AH HUNG

OM AH HUNG

KU SUM ZHING KHAM LONG CHOD DANG

The purelands of the three kayas, my wealth and enjoyments,

CHI NANG SANG WAY CHOD PAY TRIN

And cloud-masses of outer, inner, and secret offerings:

KON CHHOG TSA WA SUM LA BUL

I offer these to the Three Jewels and the Three Roots –

ZHEY NAY CHHOG T’HUN NGO DRUB TSOL